Establishment of Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW): In 1954, China released a map that depicted 120,000 square kilometers of Indian territory as part of China. Initially, China claimed this was an error, but it soon became evident that China intended to claim this territory.
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The 1962 War and IB’s Failure
In the following years, China waited for the right opportunity. On October 28, 1962, China invaded Indian territory, starting a war. India lost this war, and the Intelligence Bureau (IB) failed to detect China’s movements. India refrained from using its air force, fearing that China would retaliate with its own, potentially causing more damage. However, China lacked significant airbases or aircraft arrangements in the war zones, a fact the IB failed to recognize.
Post-War Reforms in IB
After the war, efforts were made to strengthen the IB with new technologies and the establishment of aviation research centers. The focus was primarily on the China border, but in 1965, the IB failed again when Pakistan attacked India.
Indira Gandhi and the Formation of R&AW
In January 1966, Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister and called upon experienced officer R. N. Kao. Indira Gandhi told R. N. Kao that India needed a new intelligence agency, separate from the IB, which would be more advanced and focus on external threats.
R. N. Kao took two months to study and draft a blueprint for the new agency, which Indira Gandhi approved. This new agency was named the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW). R&AW was officially established on September 21, 1968.
Initial Structure and Functioning of R&AW
Initially, R&AW had a budget of 20 million USD and was headquartered in South Delhi. After its formation, the IB was tasked with handling internal matters within India’s borders. R&AW’s structure was unique, with a strict policy that no agent’s name could appear on any document. In fact, there are only two designations in R&AW i.e., Secretary and Under Secretary.
R&AW’s First Task and Challenges
R&AW’s first task was to train and deploy agents outside India. This responsibility was given to Foreign Secretary T.N. Kaul. He created fake job requirements in embassies abroad and sent R&AW agents with altered identities to various countries.
Initial Failures and Reforms
When R&AW started its operations, the importance of the IB and the Ministry of External Affairs began to diminish. IB Directors S.P. Verma and M.M.L. Hooja questioned the establishment of R&AW. This internal conflict hindered R&AW’s functioning.
Administrative Challenges and Solutions
R&AW faced administrative challenges, such as needing cabinet approval for foreign travel expenses. After months of internal conflict, R&AW’s head was made part of the cabinet, giving the agency control over administrative matters, which helped stabilize the situation.
Importance and Future of R&AW
R&AW began to play a crucial role and gradually strengthened India’s security and intelligence capabilities. This agency became a significant pillar in gathering external intelligence and securing India’s borders. PP
Establishment of Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW): In Summary
The 1962 India-China war and the subsequent establishment of R&AW brought significant changes to India’s intelligence agencies. It highlighted the critical need for timely and accurate intelligence. The formation of R&AW enhanced India’s intelligence capabilities, helping the country face future challenges effectively.
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